This article was first published on the Sierra Circuits blog.
It is the second of the PCB Transmission Line series and follows the article entitled What is a PCB transmission line? It was written with the great help of Atar Mittal, Sierra’s Electrical Engineer and General Manager.
![Signal Signal](https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/8ecc6c649e38c6fc32dba8331d20ba65-1200-80.jpg)
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At high frequencies, transmission lines need to have a controlled impedance to predict the behavior of the signals and avoid signal reflections, crosstalk, electromagnetic noise, etc. which could damage the signal quality and cause errors.
This is the reason why you need to know at which speed signals propagate on transmission lines and the time they take to do so. I will give you a few equations to calculate the signal speed and the propagation delay for both striplines and microstrips.
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The propagation delay is the time taken by a signal to propagate over a unit length of the transmission line: Where: V is the signal speed in the transmission line; In vacuum or air, it equals 85.
Signal speed
Let’s first discuss the speeds at which signals propagate on a PCB interconnect.
Electromagnetic signals travel in vacuum (or air) at the same speed as of light, which is:
A signal travels on a PCB transmission line at a slower speed, affected by the dielectric constant (Er) of the PCB material – the relations for calculating the signal speed on a PCB are given below:
Where:
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- Vc is the velocity of light in vacuum or air
- Er is the dielectric constant of the PCB material
- Ereff is the effective dielectric constant for microstrips; its value lies between 1 and Er, and is approximately given by:
Thus, the speeds of signals on a PCB is less than that in air. If Er equals about 4 (like for FR4 material types), then the speed of signals on a stripline is half that in air, i.e. it is about 6 in/ns.
![Calculator Calculator](https://i.pinimg.com/originals/a2/81/ad/a281ad2fa06f367301c780c62d78802b.gif)
Henceforth, you can use Vp to denote the speed of signals on a PCB. Comprehensive meta analysis keygen crack.
Propagation delay (tpd)
The propagation delay is the time taken by a signal to propagate over a unit length of the transmission line:
Where:
- V is the signal speed in the transmission line
In vacuum or air, it equals 85 picoseconds/inch (ps/in).
On PCB transmission lines, the propagation delay is given by:
Delay Calculator App
The signal speeds and propagation delays for a few PCB materials are given in the table below:
Speaker Time Delay Calculator
The next article of this PCB Transmission Line series will focus on controlled impedance. It will answer the question: When is the length of an interconnection to be considered as a controlled impedance transmission line?